The State Library Victoria is one of seven cultural agencies of the Victorian Government. These agencies are overseen by Creative Victoria, part of the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources.

The Library Board of Victoria governs the activities and operation of the Library and reports to the Victorian minister for the arts. Under the direction of the Board, the Executive manages the Library, including its collections, services, programs and responsibilities.

The Leadership team comprises the Chief Executive Officer and State Librarian, and four directors. The directors each head a portfolio of Library divisions.