From a manuscript of a work attributed to Gazurgahi, Majalis al-Ushshaq (Meetings of Lovers), dated AH 959 (1552 AD), Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Ouseley Add 24, fol 42r.

From a manuscript of Navai, Sadd-i Iskandar (Wall of Alexander), dated AH 890 (1485–86 AD), illustration attributed to Qasim Ali. Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Elliott 339, fol 95v.

From a manuscript of Sadi, Kulliyat (Collected works), c 1515, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Fraser 73, vol 1, fols 2v–3r.

From a manuscript of Amir Khusrau, Khamsa (Quintet), dated AH 1007–08 (1599–1600 AD), State Library of Victoria, RARESF 745.670955 AM5K, fol 172v.

From a manuscript of Hafiz, Divan (Collected poems), copied before 1717, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Pers e 53, p 29.

Leaf from a disbound manuscript of Firdausi, Shahnama (Book of Kings), copied c 1430 for Ibrahim Sultan of Shiraz, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Ouseley Add 176, fol 337v.

Leaf from a disbound manuscript of Firdausi, Shahnama (Book of Kings), copied c 1430 for Ibrahim Sultan of Shiraz, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Ouseley Add 176, fol 311v.

From a manuscript of Attar, Mantiq al-Tayr (Conference of the birds), dated AH 898 (1493–94 AD), Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Elliott 246, fol 25v.

From a manuscript of Jami, Yusuf u Zulaykha, dated AH 977 (1569 AD), Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Greaves 1, fols 103v–104r.

From a manuscript of Jami, Yusuf u Zulaykha, dated AH 1004 (1595 AD), Bukhara, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Elliott 418, fol 56r.

From a manuscript of Attar, Intikhab-i Hadiqa (Extracts from the Hadiqa), copied c 1575, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Canonici Or 122, fols 4v–5r.

From a manuscript of Badi al-Din Manuchir al-Tajiri al-Tabrizi, Dilsuznama (Book of Compassion), dated AH 860 (1455–56 AD), Edirne, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Ouseley 133, fol 62r.

From an Ottoman Turkish translation of al-Qazvini, Ajaib al-Makhluqat (Wonders of creation), copied late 16th–early 17th century, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Turk d 2, fol 40b–41a.

From a Mughal album, image painted c 1640–50, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Douce Or a 1, fol 45v–46r.

From a manuscript of Nizami, Layla u Majnun copied c 1590, painted by Dhanwan and Asi respectively, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Pers d 102, pp65–66.

From a Persian translation of al-Istakhri, Kitab al-Masalik wa-l-Mamalik (Book of routes and provinces), copied c 1295, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Ouseley 373, fols 3v–4r.

From a manuscript of Marino Sanudo, Secreta fidelium crucis, Venice, produced by 1321, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Tanner 190, fols 203v–204r.

From Abraham Ortelius, Theatrum orbis terrarum, Antwerp, Coppens Diest, 1574, State Library of Victoria, RARESEF 912 OR8T, map follows fol 74r.

From Xavier Hommaire de Hell, Voyage en Turquie et en Perse: Atlas, Paris, P Bertrand, 1859, illustration by Jules Laurens, State Library of Victoria, RARESEF 915.5 H75, plate 61.

From the unique manuscript of Le Mireur du Monde, vol 1, France, copied before 1463, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Douce 336, fols 102v–103r.

From Geoffrey Chaucer, The works of Geoffrey Chaucer now newly imprinted, Hammersmith, UK, printed by William Morris at the Kelmscott Press, 1896, State Library of Victoria, RARESEF 094 K29CH, pp 312–13.

From a manuscript of Navi, Saba Sayyara (Seven planets), dated AH 960 (1553 AD), Bukhara, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Elliott 318, fol 34v–35r.

From a manuscript of Jami, Yusuf u Zulaykha, dated AH 940 (1553 AD), Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Hyde 10, fol 39v.

Leaves from a disbound manuscript of Firdausi, Shahnama (Book of kings), copied c 1430 for Ibrahim Sultan of Shiraz, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS Ouseley Add 176, fols 2r–3v.